Wednesday, February 20, 2008

Siapakah Sesamaku Manusia?



Kengerian Redefinisi Sesama Manusia
Dalam keseharian sering terlontar di luar kesadaran kita pertanyaan dan pernyataan yang mendefinisikan sesama kita dalam kotak-kotak definisi tertentu.

Ketika melihat saudara yang perilakunya tidak alus, kita segera mencap saudara itu, “Kok tidak njawani ya?” (Kok tidak santun seperti orang Jawa). Ya tentu saja tidak, karena saudara tersebut adalah orang Ambon. Lucu jadinya kalau orang Ambon jadi njawani. Di kalangan Tionghwa, orang sering menilai orang lain dengan, “Orang itu zhong kuo ren (orang Cina) bukan ya, kok matane sipit kayak kita?” Di kelompok Batak, orang yang tidak sesuku sering disebut, “Ndang halak hita do ibana i.”(Bukan orang kita lah dia itu) Kita juga sering dengan nada campur aduk antara merendahkan, minder, dan sebal, menganggap semua orang berkulit putih sebagai Belanda, atau Londo. Padahal tidak semua orang ber-ras Caucasians itu orang Belanda. Ada orang Jerman, Prancis, Polandia, Irlandia, Inggris, Amerika, dan lain sebagainya. Film independen “Crash” yang memenangkan Academy Award 2006 sebagai film terbaik menuturkan kembali problem-problem rasial yang hidup dalam benak kita yang justru malah menghancurkan kita sendiri. Ini semua merupakan proses kotak mengkotakkan sesesama manusia dari segi suku, ras, dan bangsa.

Juga sering pendefinisian sesama berdasarkan agama. Orang Kristen dipandang sebagai orang yang agresif menyebarkan Injil tanpa pandang bulu, pokoknya sikat saja. Orang Katolik dibilang mati ibadatnya seperti di kuburan karena heningnya, dan ajaran moralnya amat sangat kaku. Orang Muslim dibilang tidak toleran. Orang Budhis dibilang terlalu keras pada dirinya sendiri dan tidak modern. Orang Hindu dibilang seperti dukun.

Belum lagi ketika orang mulai melihat perbedaan itu sebagai jalan untuk mengkategorikan apakah orang lain itu sungguh-sungguh manusia sesamaku. Sebagai contoh, pada zaman penemuan dunia baru, yakni benua Amerika di sekitar zaman Christopher Columbus, para pendatang baru untuk pertama kalinya bertemu dengan penduduk asli. Dengan pengetahuan mereka yang sempit dan salah kaprah, penduduk asli ini mereka sebut sebagai Indians, karena mereka mengira bahwa pelayaran mereka sudah tiba di negeri India. Para Indian ini memiliki budaya, tingkah laku, bahasa, warna kulit, dan struktur wajah yang berbeda dengan para Europeans-Caucasians waktu itu. Yang terjadi kemudian adalah mereka menjajah dan memperbudak para Indian itu.

Tragisnya, sambil memperbudak sesamanya manusia, para Caucasians itu melontarkan suatu pertanyaan konyol, “Are those Indians human beings?” Pertanyaan konyol ini kemudian berkembang menjadi debat filosofis-teologis berkepanjangan, bahkan sampai menimbulkan perseteruan sengit dalam Gereja. Akhirnya, Paus Pius III turun tangan, dengan bulla Sublimis Deus (1537), ia menentang keras perbudakan para Indian itu dan menyatakan dengan tegas bahwa “the Indians themselves indeed are true men.” Bulla ini menghentikan perdebatan dan berangsur-angsur namun dengan pasti mengurangi perbudakan manusia.

Juga di negeri kita yang katanya orang-orangnya ramah tamah ini banyak praktek yang memojokkan sesama yang mengemban cacat fisik apalagi cacat mental. Menghadapi orang yang cacat fisik, mereka yang menganggap diri normal bereaksi bukan menghargai orang-orang cacat tersebut sebagai manusia seperti dirinya, tapi sebagai mahluk yang pantas dikasihani dan pantas diberi sedekah. Padahal para penyadang cacat itu bukan pengemis belas kasihan! Tak ada usaha bersama untuk membangun fasilitas umum yang menghargai dan memberi para penyandang cacat tersebut akses yang memudahkan hidup mereka.

Apalagi terhadap para penyandang cacat mental. Dengan hantam kromo kita segera mengatakan bahwa pribadi-pribadi yang cacat mental itu adalah wong edan, wong gendheng. Mereka menakutkan. Tempat mereka ya di rumah sakit jiwa. Kita takut menerima mereka apa adanya dalam kehidupan normal masyarakat kita. Sungguh menyedihkan sikap kita ini.

Itu semua dalam hidup keseharian. Dalam dunia yang canggih-canggih, seperti yang saya alami hidup bertahun-tahun di negeri Paman Sam, tindakan mendefinisikan kembali manusia ini semakin menjadi brutal. Repotnya tindakan brutal ini dibungkus dengan bahasa canggih sains yang begitu memukau khalayak yang kehausan info-info sains super modern dan futuristik.

Demi kemajuan sains, manusia mulai dipertanyakan keberadaannya. Ada tindakan-tindakan yang mencoba me-redefinisi-kan manusia sebagai pribadi yang utuh. Pada sekitar awal hidup manusia, ilmuwan-ilmuwan, yang lebih pantas disebut dengan politikus, dengan enaknya menyebut pribadi baru dalam rupa embrio yang sedang bertumbuh hanya sebagai the clusters of cells (segerombolan sel-sel). Maka jika embrio dipakai untuk percobaan ilmiah juga tidak apa-apa, bukankah embrio itu hanya sekumpulan sel, sama dengan segmpal daging kecil? Bahkan janin yang sudah berbentuk manusia kecil ada yang menganggap bukan pribadi manusia, karena janin belum bisa berpikir dan sadar dirinya sendiri. Juga ada kelompok yang amat ekstrim yang menganggap bahwa bayi yang sudah lahirpun belum bisa dikategorikan sebagai pribadi manusia, karena dia tidak sadar akan jati dirinya sebagai manusia. Jadi perlindungan terhadap hak-hak asasinya sebagai manusia tidak bisa dijamin, karena mereka belum menjadi pribadi manusia yang lengkap.

Di sekitar akhir hidup manusiapun terjadi redefinisi ini. Manusia yang koma dipandang turun martabatnya sederajat dengan tetumbuhan (vegetasi). Maka potong saja hidupnya, toh dia bukan manusia lagi, karena dia sudah tidak sadar akan dirinya sendiri, maka lebih baik dia mati saja. Hentikan makanannya dan alat bantu hidupnya, biar dia mati saja.

Inilah kengerian redefinisi sesama kita manusia. Benar, kita merasa ngeri, tapi dalam skala besar maupun kecil, kita sedang ikut ambil bagian dalam tindakan redefinisi ini.

Siapakah sesamaku manusia?
Ternyata ribuan tahun yang lalu, pertanyaan diskriminatif ini sudah dilontarkan. Seorang ahli Taurat menanyakan pada Yesus tentang apa yang harus dilakukan untuk memperoleh hidup kekal. Sampailah pembiacaraan mereka pada perintah kasih, “Kasihilah Tuhan, Allahmu, dengan segenap hatimu dan dengan segenap jiwamu dan dengan segenap kekuatanmu dan dengan segenap akal budimu, dan kasihilah sesamamu manusia seperti dirimu sendiri.” (Luk 10:27)

Jawaban Yesus pada si Farisi itu singkat dan amat jelas. Namun, kemudian untuk berlagak kritis si Farisi melontarkan pertanyaan aneh pada Yesus, “Jika demikian, siapakah sesamaku manusia?” (Luk 10:29). Ini pertanyaan lancang! Sudah jelas bahwa semua orang tanpa kecuali dan tanpa kategori adalah sesamaku manusia. Akan tetapi dengan sok pintar si Farisi ini mau membuat kategori-kategori siapa yang bisa dianggap sebagai sesama manusia, dan siapa yang bukan sesamanya manusia. Ini sama saja dengan membuat definisi-definisi seperti demikian. Definisi satu: orang-orang yang bisa dikategorikan sebagai sesamaku manusia, syaratnya harus: a, b, c. Definisi dua: orang-orang yang tidak bisa dikategorikan sebagai sesamaku manusia, syaratnya harus: a, b, c. Si Farisi ini seolah-olah berhak untuk menentukan mana yang sesamaku dan mana yang bukan sesamaku. Ia merasa berhak untuk meredefinisi sesamanya manusia.

Yesus dengan tegas menolak pemikiran ini. Ia tidak pernah mau menjawab pertanyaan si Farisi yang sangat bernada diskriminasi ini. Untuk menanggapi sikap diskriminatif ini Yesus malah bercerita.

Ada seorang yang dirampok habis-habisan dan dihajar sampai hampir mati. Orang ini tergeletak di jalanan kasar dan sangat membutuhkan pertolongan. Seorang imam dan orang Levi lewat. Mereka lebih mementingkan tugas-tugas mereka di Bait Suci daripada menolong orang sekarat ini. Dan lagi menurut hukum Yahudi, orang yang memegang mayat akan menjadi najis oleh mayat itu. Si korban rampok itu tampak seperti mayat, dan lebih baik diandaikan mati dan tidak usah didekati untuk menghindari kenajisan (bdk. Im 21:11, Bil 6:6). Nanti kalau si mati itu disentuh maka mereka harus menjalani lagi upacara pembersihan yang makan waktu tujuh hari lamanya (Bil 19:11). Mereka mengkategorikan sesamanya antara sehat dan sakit, mati dan hidup. Demi alasan hukum mereka memutuskan untuk tidak menyelamatkan orang, malah mengkategorikan orang begitu saja sebagai mayat.

Si korban semakin gawat keadaannya. Lewatlah orang Samaria. Si Samaria ini orang yang didefinisikan oleh kaum Yahudi sebagai ras buangan dan bukan termasuk bangsa Yahudi lagi, karena darah nenek moyang mereka tercampur dengan darah kaum kafir. Kaum Yahudi tidak boleh bergaul dengan orang Samaria. Lagi-lagi manusia dikotak-kotakkan. Namun si Samaria mengacuhkan hukum itu dan menolong si Yahudi yang sekarat itu. Bahkan si Samaria ini sampai memberikan perawatan ekstra sampai si Yahudi itu benar-benar sembuh. Si Samaria tidak mau mengkategorikan sesama berdasarkan ras-suku atau sehat-sakit, dia bahkan menentang hukum.

Yesus kemudian bertanya pada si pandir Farisi, “Siapakah yang menjadi sesama manusia bagi orang yang dirampok itu?” Tentu saja, tidak bisa lain si Farisi menjawab, “Orang yang telah menunjukkan belas kasihan kepadanya.” (Luk 10:36)

Inilah jawaban yang dikeluarkan oleh Yesus melalui mulut si Farisi.
Pertanyaan yang membuat kategori-kategori “siapakah sesamaku manusia” sudah diporak-porandakan oleh Yesus. Pertanyaan itu tidak boleh ada lagi! Dengan bertanya “siapakah sesamaku?” si Farisi menjadikan sesamanya sebagai obyek yang bisa dikategorikan ini dan itu. Yesus mengubah pola pikir yang salah ini. Yesus membalik bertanya: “Siapa yang menjadi sesama bagi orang lain? Itulah sesama manusia.” Jadi Yesus beranjak dari pertanyaan, “Orang macam apakah yang harus aku kasihi?” menjadi “Sudahkah kamu mengasihi orang lain, macam apapun dia itu?”

Kemudian, diakhir Injil, Yesus memerintah si Farisi itu dengan tegas, “Pergilah, dan perbuatlah demikian!”

Belajar dari si Samaria

Terlalu banyak sudah kategori-kategori yang kita buat untuk meredefinisikan sesama kita manusia menurut kehendak kita. Kita pakai kategori suku, ras, agama, keadaan sosial ekonomi, kesehatan, kasta, rupa dan bentuk, prestasi akademis, dan lain sebagainya. Semua kategori ini seolah bergerak dan menyetir kita dengan liar. Sehingga seringkali setiap langkah kita, kita lakukan dengan perhitungan ini dan itu atas dasar kategori ini dan itu. Dengan demikian kita meredefinisi apa arti menjadi pribadi manusia.

Bukankah semua manusia itu semartabat di hadapan Sang Pencipta? Adakah kategori-kategori itu di hadapan Allah? Adakah manusia kelas satu, dua dan tiga? Tidak ada. Allah tidak pernah membuat definisi ini dan itu tentang manusia satu dan yang lain. Semua ciptaanNya yang unik adanya itu dipandangNya sebagai “amat baik adanya.” (Kej 1:31) Semuanya dikasihi Allah. Rasul Paulus memahami benar hal ini, maka dia mengajarkan pada umat di Kolose, “Tiada lagi orang Yunani atau orang Yahudi, orang bersunat atau orang tak bersunat, orang Barbar atau orang Skit, budak atau orang merdeka, tetapi Kristus adalah semua dan di dalam segala sesuatu.” (Kol 3:11) Dalam Kristus tidak ada lagi kategori-kategori!

Allah tidak membuat definisi tentang manusia, kitalah yang dengan congkak membuat banyak definisi tentang sesama kita. Lebih parahnya lagi, definisi-definisi itu mengkotak-kotakkan sesama kita. Definisi membatasi pengertian tentang sesama kita. Bahkan definisi itu sering menghina sesama kita dengan menurunkan martabatnya.

Banyak hal yang bisa diperlajari dari si Samaria yang murah hati itu.
Meskipun tampaknya si Samaria ini tokoh fiktif, tapi dia inilah tokoh ideal. Dialah yang mengajarkan apa artinya sesungguhnya sesama manusia itu, yakni ‘menjadi sesama bagi orang lain.’ “Hanya seorang sesama yang bisa menjadi sesama bagi orang lain,” begitu kata St. Agustinus. Artinya hanya kalau kita mau menjadi sesama bagi orang lain, maka kita akan paham bahwa orang lain itu adalah sungguh sesama kita manusia.

Kita harus menjalin relasi dengan sesama kita manusia antar subyek agar dapat memahami bahwa aku dan sesamaku adalah sederajat. Dan kategori apapun yang aku gunakan untuk mendefinisikan sesamaku manusia malah menjadi kembali berbelok ke arahku dan menyempitkan makna diriku sendiri sebagai pribadi manusia.

Untuk membuat definisi tentang apapun kita harus mengambil jarak dan mengobyekkan sesuatu. Jika sesuatu itu adalah sesama kita, maka sesama itupun menjadi obyek kita. Hasilnya adalah suatu rumusan tentang sesama kita manusia yang amat sangat sempit. Sedangkan sesama kita manusia itu bukan benda dan bukan obyek!

Namun dengan berelasi dengan sesama kita, kita menjadi sesama bagi dia atau mereka. Dari relasi setara antar subyek ini, kita mendapatkan pengertian yang jauh lebih kaya dan dalam tentang sesama kita. Juga kita akhirnya bisa menghargainya sebagai pribadi manusia yang diciptakan dan dicintai Allah, sama seperti diri kita.

Inilah sebenarnya ungkapan sejati perintah cinta yang kedua, yakni cinta pada sesama. Di sini pengetahuan manusia yang cenderung mengkotak-kotakkan dan membuat definisi baru tentang sesamanya sesuai dengan seleranya menjadi terhenti, dan hanya cinta yang tinggal (bdk. 1 Kor 13:8.13). Dan di sinilah Sabda Kristus bergema dengan baru: “Aku berkata kepadamu, sesungguhnya segala sesuatu yang kamu lakukan untuk salah seorang dari saudara-Ku yang paling hina ini, kamu telah melakukannya untuk Aku.” (Mat 25:40)

The Politics of Jesus



Summary and commentary on John Howard Yoder's book

Thesis
I would like to say that Yoder’s argument is not easy to follow.
As noted by reviewers John Howard Yoder’s The Politics Of Jesus is a very valuable contribution in giving a biblical basis to the current thought on just war theory. He challenges biblical theologies that had managed to depoliticize the ethical significance of Jesus’ message. He put Jesus’ social ethics as the basis of his work, he is really consistent in this matter. Some people say that he is a pacifist, but in my opinion he is not a “cheap” pacifist, he has a solid basis to be a “pacifist” because he does not run away from the reality.

Yoder’s ethical work reminds us to the urge from Vatican Council II that moral theology has to back to its source, that is, the sacred scripture.


Context
In the preface of this first edition of his book, Yoder claims that his work is a simple rebound of a Christian pacifist commitment as it responds to the ways in which mainstream Christian theology has set aside the pacifist implications on the New Testament message. This work testifies to the conviction that, well beyond the question of formal orientation, there is a bulk of specific and concrete content in Jesus’ vision of the divine order which can speak to our age as it seldom has been free to do before, if it can be unleashed from the bonds of inappropriate a priori.

In the preface for the second edition, he said consistently that his work is strongly based on the sacred scripture, even though it is not just an exegesis. He said that his work had a great influence from what is called “biblical realism.”

Dennis P. McCann from DePaul University said that Yoder’s work in the second edition is no less provocative than in the first edition in contesting the reevaluations of New Testament ethics emerging from recent scholarship on the historical Jesus. According to him, Yoder presses beyond the question whether Jesus was political to ask what kind of politics is the mark of Christian discipleship.Max L. Stackhouse from Princeton Theological Seminary said that as Christians we are challenged by the work of Yoder in the political engagement.

From these reviews, it seems that Yoder’s work, which is strongly based on the sacred scripture, is a challenge to us as Christian to live out the biblical message whatever difficult it is. His work may broaden our mind as Christian that has been strongly based on Augustinian legacy for centuries, and set aside Jesus’ message. Yoder’s work reminds us always that we have to struggle for justice in this world and as Christians we cannot be apolitical, he reminds us to live a Christian hope that only God who can accomplish the work for justice totally. We are still living in the eschatological strain.

Analysis
God will fight for us
In this chapter Yoder is dealing with the problem from the Old Testament that many people cite to support their theory that God wills war. This makes the Old Testament seem totally different with the New Testament in dealing with war. Yoder argues that such a notion is wrong, because several wars that occurred in Israel were not God’s will, but man’s. He argues that Israel believed that God would fight for them. “Fear not, stand firm, and see the salvation of the Lord, which he will work for you today; for the Egyptians whom you see today, you shall never see again. The Lord will fight for you, and you have only to be still” (Exod. 14:13).

The war with the Amalekites was a human decision (Moses and Joshua). It is not reported that Yahweh commanded this war. And then this story tried to convince this belief by showing that if Moses turned down his extended hands, the Israel would be defeated by the Amalek. It means not to let Israel think that military strength or numbers had brought the victory, but trusting God for their survival as a people is the real strength.

The similar themes did occur in the era of the kingdoms in Israel.
After the exile, Israel’s faith did not change. Israel still looked to their nation’s history as one of miraculous preservation by Yahweh. Sometimes this preservation had included the Israelites’ military activity (note: the original pattern of “holy war” in Israel was only defensive); at other times no weapons at all were used. In both cases, however, the point was the same: confidence in Yahweh is an alternative to the self determining use of Israel’s own military resources in the defense of their existence as God’s people. God himself will take care of his people.

This understanding of the meaning behind the stories in the Old Testament is really important, because Jesus’ message in the Gospel is a prolongation of the original early Israel experience and vision, rather than as a rejection or reversal. It is showed there that God’s intervention in history is possible. For this reason we must be careful in reading and interpreting the war story in the Old Testament.

The Possibility of Nonviolent Resistance
There are two significant cases of the possibility of nonviolence resistance in the history of Israel, namely, the case of Pilate and Caligula.
Josephus Flavius reported that when Pilate moved from Caesarea to Jerusalem to abolish the Jewish law, he brought and set up Caesar’s effigies in Jerusalem. The Jews protested him by demonstration. When Pilate ordered his soldiers to kill them, they would choose death rather than transgress the wisdom of their law. Pilate gave up and withdrew his plan.

Later, Caligula tried to place his statue in the temple of Jerusalem, a profanation of the sacred temple of the Jews by ordering Petronius. The reaction was a strike. Fields were left untilled in the sowing season, and by the tens of thousands the Jews gathered to entreat Petronius for over a month. This unity could not be broken.

Those cases showed to us that there is possibility of nonviolent resistance (as opposed to the Zealotes), to reject the responsible sword is not to withdraw from the history. These experiences then were echoed in Jesus message: “Put your sword back into its place; for all who take the sword will perish by the sword.” (Mt. 26:52, par.)

Trial Balance

In this chapter Yoder talks about the theology of the Cross. In his argument this theology is not merely a personalistic one, but a theology that should be the basis of social ethics. He talks about the politics of the cross. This theology could be a significant contribution to our understanding on the just war theory. He tries to convince his readers that Jesus’ way is the way of the cross, and his way is not the soteric way in the sense of pietism, but actually, it is a social justice way.

Theology of the Cross has been lived since the early Church. Paul spoke of his own ministry as a sharing in the dying and rising of Jesus (2Cor 4:10-11; Col 1:24; Phil 1:29. 2:1-5; Eph 5:25). The letters of Peter, the letter to the Hebrews, the letters of John and the Gospels proclaim the important of the Cross in the life of the faithful. We could argue that the concept of imitation of the Christ is not applied by the New Testament as Franciscan and romantic devotion has tried most piously to apply it, but those NT proclamations are all the more powerfully demonstration of how fundamental the thought of participation in the suffering of Christ. The NT church sees it as guiding and explaining her attitude to the powers of the world. This message is consistently proclaimed in the NT.

Yoder argues that the believer’s cross is, like that of Jesus, the price of social non-conformity. It is not just an inward wrestling of the soul with self and sins; it is the social reality of representing an unwilling world to the Order to come: “The servant is not greater than his master. If they persecuted me they will persecute you (Jn 15:20). The temptation of Jesus is not a spiritual temptation, but a temptation to choose or not choose the Cross. Yoder’s argument is confirmed by William Barclay in his exegesis of the Gospel of Matthew. Barclay said: “Jesus made his decision. He decided that he must never bribe men into following him, he decided that the way of sensations was not for him, he decided that there could be no compromise in the message he preached and the faith he demanded. The choice inevitably meant the Cross – but the Cross just as inevitably meant the final victory” (p.70).

For Yoder, incarnation is that God broke through the borders of our standard definition what is human, and gave a new, formative definition in the man Jesus. It means that for us as a man, there is nothing impossible to do what Jesus did.
Then radically Yoder gives the readers moral choices that need to be chosen, as follows:
Jesus of history or of dogma. We should choose the Jesus of history (e.g. Albert Schweitzer), because in all his eschatological realism, we find an utterly precise and practicable ethical instruction, practical because in him the kingdom has actually come within reach. In him the sovereignty of Yahweh has become human history.

The prophet and the institution. We should choose to become a prophet that condemns and “crushes” under God’s demand for perfection, by convincing people of their sinfulness and pointing toward the ideal.
To conceive of the reign of God either as external and catastrophic or as subjective, inward. The kingdom of God is a social order not a hidden one. It is not tomorrow, it starts from now on, although it is not finished yet.

The political and the sectarian. The Christian should not be apolitical or sectarian. Christian should be political, but we have to note it well, we are called to be political in Jesus’ way, namely, rejecting the sword. Jesus’ way is not less but more relevant to the question of how society moves than is the struggle for possession of levers of command; to this Pilate and Caiaphas testify by their judgment on him. Jesus refused to concede that those in power represent an ideal, a logically proper, or even empirically acceptable definition of what it means to be political. He did not say as some sectarian pacifists or some pietists might, “You can have your politics and I shall do something else more important.” He said, “Your definition of polis, of the social, of the wholeness of being human socially is perverted.”

The individual and the social. Jesus did not differ the individual and the social aspect in man’s life “sharply”, he doesn’t know anything about radical personalism. The personhood which he proclaims as a healing, forgiving, call to all is integrated into the social novelty of the healing community. Jesus’ view and work is holistic. In this view the cross is not folly or weakness, but the wisdom and power of God (1Cor 1:22-25).

The Disciple of Christ and the Way of Jesus
In this chapter Yoder gives us a large collection of texts on how the disciple of Christ to follow his way. We can read the detail nuances in his writing. One thing that we should understand clearly here is the idea of “imitation.” Yoder said that there is one realm in which the concept of imitation holds. This is at the point of concrete social meaning of the cross in its relation to enmity and power. Servanthood replaces dominion, forgiveness absorbs hostility. Thus and only thus are we bound by NT thought to “be like Jesus." Again in this chapter the role of Jesus’ cross has been stressed.

Christ and Power

Yoder spoke at length in this chapter about the meaning of powers. Because of natura vulnerata (fallen nature) in everything, and in powers as well, so that the worldly powers tend to be perverted. The structures (powers) of the world fail to serve us as they should. They do not enable humanity to live a genuinely free, loving life. They have absolutized themselves and they demand from the individual and society an unconditional loyalty. They harm and enslave us. Yoder stresses, "We cannot live with them."

If then God is going to save his creatures in their humanity, then the powers cannot simply be destroyed or set aside or ignored. Their sovereignty must be broken. This is what Jesus did, concretely and historically, by living a genuinely free and human existence. This life that brings him to the cross. He struggled to free himself from the Jewish religion and Roman politics. Morally he broke their rules by refusing to support them in their self-glorification; that’s why they killed him. Therefore his cross is victory, the confirmation that he was free from the rebellious pretensions of the cruel condition. Here we have for the first time to do with someone who is not the slave to any power, of any law, or custom, community or institution, value or theory. He disarmed the principalities and powers and made a public example of them, triumphing over them in him (Col. 2:15).

But then, how does the Church deal with this power of Christ? What should the Christian do? According to Yoder the Church should not be seduced by the worldly powers, but by existing, the church demonstrates that her rebellion has been vanquished. Then the Christian should change the fallen structures (powers) by building a true Christian community. It is not a utopia, it works and it has been the success of the early Church (cf. Act 2:43-47). This is not pietism, this is a political movement, a refusal by not withdrawing from society, but this is rather a major negative intervention within the process of social change, a refusal to use unworthy means even for what seems to be a worthy end. With this the Christian can be the conscience of the world.

Conclusion

The role of Jesus’ cross has been profoundly stressed in Yoder’s work. This is what the Christian should live out. The meaning of Cross here, however, is not a narrow pietism or individualism. Jesus’ cross is the only answer to this broken world, and it should be the basis of the Christian nonviolence political movement. Violence creates violence. We should move to stop violence with nonviolent movement. Pope John Paul II in his encyclical letter Dives in Misericordia said: “The experience of the past and of our own time demonstrates that justice alone is not enough, that it can even lead to the negation and destruction of itself, if that deeper power, that is love, is not allowed to shape human life in its various dimensions. It has been precisely historical experience that, among other things, has led to the formulation of the saying: summum ius, summa inuria. This statement does not detract from the value of justice and does not minimize the significance of the order that is based upon it; it only indicates, under another aspect, the need to draw from the powers of the spirit which condition the very order of justice, powers which are still more profound" (art. 12).

That power of love is the Cross of Jesus. Let me summarize it in one sentence: the answer of mysterium iniquitatis (the mystery of evil) is mysterium crucis (the mystery of cross).


Questions


Can Elijah’s case, namely, killing hundreds false prophets (2 Kings 18:20-40) which is not cited and described by Yoder be a “stumbling block” for his argument in his work?

Could the theology of the Cross be the basic principle of a just war theory? Or is this theology not relevant anymore to this modern world? If it could be applied, where is its place?

St. John of the Cross


One dark night,
fired with love's urgent longings
- ah, the sheer grace! -
I went out unseen,
my house being now all stilled.

In darkness, and secure,
by the secret ladder, disguised,
- ah, the sheer grace! -
in darkness and concealment,
my house being now all stilled.

On that glad night,
in secret, for no one saw me,
nor did I look at anything,
with no other light or guide
than the one that burned in my heart.

This guided me
more surely than the light of noon
to where he was awaiting me
- him I knew so well -
there in a place where no one appeared.

O guiding night!
O night more lovely than the dawn!
O night that has united
the Lover with his beloved,
transforming the beloved in her Lover.

Upon my flowering breast
which I kept wholly for him alone,
there he lay sleeping,
and I caressing him
there in a breeze from the fanning cedars.

When the breeze blew from the turret,
as I parted his hair,
it wounded my neck
with its gentle hand,
suspending all my senses.

I abandoned and forgot myself,
laying my face on my Beloved;
all things ceased; I went out from myself,
leaving my cares
forgotten among the lilies.